One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or
'engram cells') and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical …

Over the past century, psychologists have discussed whether forgetting might arise from
active mechanisms that promote memory loss to achieve various functions, such as …

BACKGROUND Ever since Edward Tolman's proposal that comprehensive cognitive maps
underlie spatial navigation and, more generally, psychological functions, the question of …

Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the
retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of “sleep and …

Highlights•Prior related memories are reactivated during new learning events.•Medial PFC
guides reactivation toward related, goal-relevant knowledge.•Hippocampus compares …

Memory consolidation is the hypothetical process in which an item in memory is transformed
into a long-term form. It is commonly addressed at two complementary levels of description …

Every day people make new choices between alternatives that they have never directly
experienced. Yet, such decisions are often made rapidly and confidently. Here, we show that …

Memory enables flexible use of past experience to inform new behaviors. Although leading
theories hypothesize that this fundamental flexibility results from the formation of integrated …

When new learning occurs against the background of established prior knowledge, relevant
new information can be assimilated into a schema and thereby expand the knowledge base …

Memory is essential to adaptive behavior because it allows past experience to guide
choices. Emerging findings indicate that the neurotransmitter dopamine, which signals …