Light‐based technique, including optical imaging and photoregulation, has become one of
the most important tools for both fundamental research and clinical practice, such as cell …

As a “holy grail” of neuroscience, optical imaging of membrane potential could enable high
resolution measurements of spiking and synaptic activity in neuronal populations. This has …

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors have revolutionized the study of cell signaling
and metabolism, as they allow for live-cell measurements with high spatiotemporal …

Conspectus Membrane potential is a fundamental biophysical property maintained by every
cell on earth. In specialized cells like neurons, rapid changes in membrane potential drive …

Membrane potential is a key aspect of cellular signalling and is dynamically regulated by an
array of ion-selective pumps and channels. Fluorescent voltage indicators enable non …

The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …

Methods for optical measurement of voltage dynamics in living cells are attractive because
they provide spatial resolution surpassing traditional electrode-based measurements and …

Voltage-sensitive fluorophores enable the direct visualization of membrane potential
changes in living systems. To pair the speed and sensitivity of chemically synthesized …

Bioorthogonal chemistry holds great potential to generate difficult‐to‐access protein–protein
conjugate architectures. Current applications are hampered by challenging protein …

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) allow the direct visualization of cellular
membrane potential at the millisecond time scale. Among these, red-emitting GEVIs have …