The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic
heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis …

One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is …

The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this
idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent …

Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, is found in the
exoskeleton of insects, fungi, yeast, and algae, and in the internal structures of other …

Macrophages are traditional innate immune cells that play critical roles in the clearance of
pathogens and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Accumulating evidence proves that …

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and currently lacks effective therapy enabling long-
term functional recovery. Ischemic brain injury causes local inflammation, which involves …

Two hundred years ago, Henri Braconnot described a polysaccharide containing a
substantial percent of nitrogen, later to be called chitin: that discovery stemmed from …

Macrophages are innate immune cells with well-established roles in the primary response to
pathogens, but also in tissue homeostasis, coordination of the adaptive immune response …

The 18 glycosyl hydrolase family of chitinases is an ancient gene family that is widely
expressed from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In mammals, despite the absence of endogenous …

Macrophages, found in circulating blood as well as integrated into several tissues and
organs throughout the body, represent an important first line of defense against disease and …