Continuous increase in world's population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and
economic growth force for continuously increase in fossil fuel consumption to meet growing …

As the global population and economy grow, so does the energy demand. Over-reliance on
non-renewable resources leads to depletion and price spikes, making renewable …

Within the context of achieving low carbon shipping by 2050, high hopes are placed on
alternative marine fuels in addition to a large number of technological and operational …

As energy overuse and generated pollution have a potential threat to our environmental and
ecological conditions, many researchers have taken the initiative way to join the green …

Diesel engines are preferred over spark ignition counterparts for heavy-duty applications
and power generation plants because of their higher efficiency, durability, and productivity …

Highlights•Biofuel will play an important role in meeting the world's energy need in the
future.•First generation biofuels cannot replace fossil fuel due to competition with food …

The environmental effects of conventional fossil fuels used in maritime sector is a well-
studied subject and various methods, ie hull optimization, engine modifications, alternative …

Biodiesel has privileges than conventional diesel fuel because of its low toxicity,
renewability, and eco-friendly properties. Biodiesel is produced from various edible and non …

Due to intensive marine activities and the use of low-quality fuel oils, the marine transport
accounts for a considerable part of air pollution in the transportation sector. Although ships …

The over-exploitation of non-renewable resources leads to the depletion of energy reserves,
as well as a rise in the price of petroleum-based fuels. Thus, there is a need to find suitable …