Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Brain development is a remarkable process. Progenitor cells are born, differentiate, and
migrate to their final locations. Axons and dendrites branch and form important synaptic …

Research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a highly prevalent and
controversial condition, has, for the most part, been descriptive and atheoretical. The …

Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to
study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals …

The transcription factor CREB is best known for its involvement in learning and memory.
However, emerging evidence suggests that CREB activity has very different roles …

notwithstanding the many strengths of the dynamic developmental theory, there remain
challenges to be overcome before it can be incorporated into a true causal model of …

Background. Risk-taking behavior is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in
adolescence. In the context of decision theory and motivated (goal-directed) behavior, risk …

Evidence suggests that Alzheimer disease (AD) begins as a disorder of synaptic function,
caused in part by increased levels of amyloid β-peptide 1–42 (Aβ42). Both synaptic and …

Importance Psychostimulant medication is an efficacious treatment for childhood attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder, yet controversy remains regarding potential iatrogenic effects of …

Risk taking and novelty seeking are hallmarks of typical adolescent behavior. Adolescents
seek new experiences and higher levels of rewarding stimulation, and often engage in risky …