Throughout the world, drug and alcohol use has a clear adolescent onset (Degenhardt et
al.,). Alcohol continues to be the most popular drug among teens and emerging adults, with …

Muscle physiologists often describe fatigue simply as a decline of muscle force and infer this
causes an athlete to slow down. In contrast, exercise scientists describe fatigue during sport …

Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy that may help to protect against cognitive
decline and reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. However, the optimal exercise modes for …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with the syndrome of
cognitive and functional decline. Pharmacotherapy has always been in a dominant position …

Major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCH), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and
Parkinson's disease (PD) are devastating neurological disorders, which increasingly …

Exercise is one of the most effective strategies to maintain a healthy body and mind, with
particular beneficial effects of exercise on promoting brain plasticity, increasing cognition …

Much experimental evidence suggests that age-related brain pathologies are most often
mediated by reactive oxygen species primarily originating from mitochondria (mROS). Two …

Regular exercise induces a wide range of redox system-associated molecular adaptive
responses to the nervous system. The intermittent induction of reactive oxygen species …

Neurodegenerative processes may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Brain-
derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the most widely distributed neurotrophin and oxidative …

Preconditioning exercise can exert neuroprotective effects after stroke. However, the
mechanism underlying these neuroprotective effects by preconditioning exercise remains …