Cytokines are critical mediators that oversee and regulate immune and inflammatory
responses via complex networks and serve as biomarkers for many diseases. Quantification …

Autoimmunity, hyperstimulation of the immune system, can be caused by a variety of
reasons. Viruses are thought to be important environmental elements that contribute to the …

The Long COVID/Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) group includes patients with
initial mild-to-moderate symptoms during the acute phase of the illness, in whom recovery is …

Abstract Purpose: Combination PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitor therapy has dramatically
improved the survival of patients with advanced melanoma but is also associated with …

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) modulate immune responses predominantly, although not
exclusively, via the release of IL-10. The importance of human Bregs in the maintenance of …

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are medications that have been used for a long time.
Their most common use is for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. However, these …

Although initially described as an anti-tumor mediator, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is
generally considered as the master pro-inflammatory cytokine. It plays a crucial role in the …

Abstract Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a frequent and
severe chronic disease drastically impairing life quality. The underlying pathomechanism is …

Inflammation is an integral part of autoimmune diseases, which are caused by dysregulation
of the immune system. This dysregulation involves an imbalance between pro-inflammatory …

Progesterone is well known for its numerous endocrinologic roles in pregnancy but is also
endowed with fascinating immunomodulatory capabilities. It can downregulate the induction …