Respiratory depression limits the use of opioid analgesia. Although well described clinically,
the specific mechanisms of opioid action on respiratory control centres in the brain have …

Pontine respiratory nuclei provide synaptic input to medullary rhythmogenic circuits to shape
and adapt the breathing pattern. An understanding of this statement depends on …

The mammalian spinal cord contains a locomotor central pattern generator (CPG) that can
produce alternating rhythmic activity of flexor and extensor motoneurones in the absence of …

Mammalian central pattern generators (CPGs) producing rhythmic movements exhibit
extremely robust and flexible behavior. Network architectures that enable these features are …

Pulmonary structure and function change significantly between young adulthood and old
age. Elastic elements of the lung degenerate, parenchymal tissue is lost, alveolar ducts and …

Definition▶ Respiratory network is a neural circuitry in the mammalian▶ brainstem that
generates the▶ respiratory rhythm and complex pattern of neuronal activity controlling …

Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and
functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower …

Lesion or pharmacological manipulation of the dorsolateral pons can transform the
breathing pattern to apneusis (pathological prolonged inspiration). Apneusis reflects a …

Key points The main cause of death from opioid overdose is respiratory depression due to
the activation of µ‐opioid receptors (MORs). We conditionally deleted MORs from neurons in …

The retrotrapezoid “nucleus”(RTN), located in the rostral ventrolateral medullary reticular
formation, contains a bilateral cluster of∼ 1000 glutamatergic noncatecholaminergic …