Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

The specialized cytokine secretion profiles of T helper (TH) cells are the basis for a focused
and efficient immune response. On the twentieth anniversary of the first descriptions of the …

The T cell compartment can form a powerful defense against extrinsic (eg, pathogens) and
intrinsic danger (eg, malignant cells). At the same time, specific subsets of T cells control this …

The IL-10 family of cytokines consists of nine members: IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-
26, and the more distantly related IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. Evolutionarily, IL-10 family …

Depending on the tissue microenvironment, T cells can differentiate into highly diverse
subsets expressing unique trafficking receptors and cytokines. Studies of human …

Abstract Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a T cell cytokine that acts through a γC-family receptor on
target cells and is associated with inflammation and allergy. We determined that T cells from …

Highlights•Development of Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th22 is largely similar between mice and
humans.•TGF-β and STAT3 signals promote Th17 differentiation in both species.•Some …

Abstract IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells have been considered to represent a distinct T helper
cell (TH cell) subset owing to their unique developmental programme in vitro, their …

IL-9 was first described in the late 1980s as a member of a growing number of cytokines that
had pleiotropic functions in the immune system. Although many biological functions have …

Cytokines exert a vast array of immunoregulatory actions critical to human biology and
disease. However, the desired immunotherapeutic effects of native cytokines are often …