Gallium nitride (GaN) light-emitting-diode (LED) technology has been the revolution in
modern lighting. In the last decade, a huge global market of efficient, long-lasting, and …

Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their
perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to …

Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity through excitatory and inhibitory opsins has
become an indispensable experimental strategy in neuroscience research. For many …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

We engineered light-gated channelrhodopsins (ChRs) whose current strength and light
sensitivity enable minimally invasive neuronal circuit interrogation. Current ChR tools …

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical
transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first …

Proton transport is indispensable for cell life. It is believed that molecular mechanisms of
proton movement through different types of proton-conducting molecules have general …

Channelrhodopsins are light-activated ion channels that mediate cation permeation across
cell membranes upon light absorption. Red-light-activated channelrhodopsins are of …

The light-driven sodium-pumping rhodopsin KR2 from Krokinobacter eikastus is the only
non-proton cation active transporter with demonstrated potential for optogenetics. However …

The Rhizoclosmatium globosum genome encodes three rhodopsin-guanylyl cyclases
(RGCs), which are predicted to facilitate visual orientation of the fungal zoospores. Here, we …