Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

Exosome is a subgroup of extracellular vesicles, which has been serving as an efficient
therapeutic tool for various diseases. Engineered exosomes are the sort of exosomes …

Oxidative stress and a series of excessive inflammatory responses are major obstacles for
neurological functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Effective noninvasive anti …

Besides the broad development of nanotechnological approaches for cancer diagnosis and
therapy, currently, there is no significant progress in the treatment of different types of brain …

Immunotherapy has had a profound positive effect on certain types of cancer but has not
improved the outcomes of glioma because of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and …

The past few decades have witnessed an evolution of nanomedicine from biologically inert
entities to more smart systems, aimed at advancing in vivo functionality. However, we should …

Recent studies have shown that meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs), which are located
both dorsally and basally beneath the skull, provide a route for draining macromolecules …

The metabolic reprogramming of glioblastoma (GBM) poses a tremendous obstacle to
effective immunotherapy due to its impact on the immunosuppressive microenvironment. In …

Nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems (NBDDS) are widely used to improve the safety
and therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated drugs due to their unique physicochemical and …

The lack of safe and effective delivery across the blood-brain barrier and the profound
immune suppressive microenvironment are two main hurdles to glioblastoma (GBM) …