Abstract Adaptive Laboratory Evolution (ALE) is a powerful tool for engineering and
understanding microbial physiology. ALE relies on the selection and enrichment of …

Many examples of the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases involve the
adaptation of zoonotic viruses to new amplification hosts or to humans themselves. These …

Predicting evolutionary paths to antibiotic resistance is key for understanding and controlling
drug resistance. When considering a single final resistant genotype, epistatic contingencies …

Functional effects of different mutations are known to combine to the total effect in highly
nontrivial ways. For the trait under evolutionary selection ('fitness'), measured values over all …

Understanding how genotypes map onto phenotypes, fitness, and eventually organisms is
arguably the next major missing piece in a fully predictive theory of evolution. We refer to this …

The adaptive landscape is an iconic metaphor that pervades evolutionary biology. It was
mostly applied in theoretical models until recent years, when empirical data began to allow …

The question whether adaptation follows a deterministic route largely prescribed by the
environment or can proceed along a large number of alternative trajectories has engaged …

It is tempting to believe that we now own the genome. The ability to read and rewrite it at will
has ushered in a stunning period in the history of science. Nonetheless, there is an Achilles' …

The wealth of distinct enzymatic functions found in nature is impressive and the on‐going
evolutionary divergence of enzymatic functions continues to generate new and efficient …

Epistatic interactions can frustrate and shape evolutionary change. Indeed, phenotypes may
fail to evolve when essential mutations are only accessible through positive selection if they …