With the development of society, traumatic bone defects caused by accidents, diseases and
surgeries have become common, eventually resulting in an increase in bone defects. The …

Cell culture is an important and necessary process in drug discovery, cancer research, as
well as stem cell study. Most cells are currently cultured using two-dimensional (2D) …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, an additive manufacturing based technique of
biomaterials fabrication, is an innovative and auspicious strategy in medical and …

Social and economic development has driven considerable scientific and engineering
efforts on the discovery, development and utilization of polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA) is …

Critical-sized bone defect repair remains a substantial challenge in clinical settings and
requires bone grafts or bone substitute materials. However, existing biomaterials often do …

The present article describes the state of the art in the rapidly developing field of bone tissue
engineering, where many disciplines, such as material science, mechanical engineering …

Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million
operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects …

Tissue engineering is an important field of regenerative medicine, which combines scaffolds
and cell transplantation to develop substitute tissues and/or promote tissue regeneration …

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biobased product and a compostable aliphatic polyester that has
been studied for use in several applications over the last decade. Many properties of PLA …

Despite considerable advances in microsurgical techniques over the past decades, bone
tissue remains a challenging arena to obtain a satisfying functional and structural restoration …