To move away from fossil fuels, biodiesel provides a sustainable alternative to addressing
the socioeconomic and sustainable fuel problems. For biodiesel to be competitive …

Esters are among the highest volume of industrial organic compounds produced. They are
frequently employed in various domestic and industrial processes. Fischer esterification …

The over-exploitation of non-renewable resources leads to the depletion of energy reserves,
as well as a rise in the price of petroleum-based fuels. Thus, there is a need to find suitable …

Concern over the economics of accessing fossil fuel reserves, and widespread acceptance
of the anthropogenic origin of rising CO2 emissions and associated climate change from …

High pressure technologies involving sub and supercritical fluids offer the possibility to
obtain new products with special characteristics or to design new processes, which are …

Triglycerides are the main constituents of lipids, which are the fatty acids of glycerol. Natural
organic triglycerides (viz. virgin vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and animal fats) are …

The world demand for fuel as energy sources have arisen the need for generating
alternatives such as biofuel. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel used particularly in diesel …

Waste frying oils (WFO) are a promising source in terms of feedstock for biodiesel
production, and have a lower cost than the typical refined vegetable oils. In addition, the use …

The current use of world energy is gradually shifting to renewable energy due to climate
change concerns and environmental contamination. Renewable biomass energy is one of …

This study presents a state-of-the-art overview on heat transfer characteristics of fluids
(mainly water, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon fuels) flowing in smooth tubes and …