In 2002, a transmembrane protein—now known as FNDC5—was discovered and shown to
be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a …

Irisin is a muscle-secreted hormone that is generated by cleavage of membrane protein
FNDC-5 (fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5). Irisin is considered to be a …

Physical activity has been found to aid the maintenance of health in the elderly. Exercise-
induced skeletal muscle contractions lead to the production and secretion of many small …

Background The benefits of exercise are well known; however, many of the underlying
molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines, which …

Irisin, a novel myokine, is secreted by the muscle following proteolytic cleavage of
fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) and is considered a novel regulator of …

Adipose tissue browning is a physiological process that increases energy expenditure and
may combat against obesity and its related risk factors. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) …

Exercise plays a beneficial regulating role on each organ of the body through different
mechanisms and is a powerful weapon to prevent disease. Irisin is released from muscle …

Exercise and cold exposure are two stimuli that have been suggested as solely effective to
modulate adipose tissue metabolism and improve metabolic health in obese populations …

Objectives Necroptosis is a tightly adjusted inflammatory necrotizing cell death signaling
pathway that participates in pathogenesis of discrete diseases as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) …

Background: The COVID-19 infection is a novel virus that mainly targets the respiratory
system via specific receptors without any coronavirus-targeted therapies. Many efforts have …