Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is an incretin hormone mainly secreted from intestinal L
cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GLP‐1 has beneficial effects for glucose homeostasis …

Recent neuroscience research has established the adult brain as a dynamic organ having a
unique ability to undergo changes with time. Neuroglia, especially microglia and astrocytes …

Microglia are key players of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and,
being the resident innate immune cells, they are responsible for the early control of …

Immune changes occur in all neurodegenerative conditions, but there are significant
differences between diseases. For Parkinson's disease (PD), the immune system …

Neuroinflammatory glial response may contribute to degenerative processes in Parkinson's
disease (PD). To investigate changes in microglial activity associated with changes in the …

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) damages the nigrostriatal
dopaminergic pathway as seen in Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative …

The nature of microglia fascinated many prominent researchers in the 19th and early 20th
centuries, and in a classic treatise in 1932, Pio del Rio-Hortega formulated a number of …

Microglia, the intrinsic macrophages of the central nervous system, have previously been
shown to be activated in the spinal cord in several rat mononeuropathy models. Activation of …

The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) is essential for the cellular detoxification of reactive
oxygen species in brain cells. A compromised GSH system in the brain has been connected …

Peripheral inflammation induces central sensitization characterized by the development of
allodynia and hyperalgesia to mechanical and thermal stimuli. Recent evidence suggests …