Selfing, the fusion of male and female gametes from a single genetic individual or colony, is
possible in many plants and also in hermaphrodite animals. We review the occurrence of …

Premise of Study In a seminal body of theory, Lloyd showed that the fitness consequences of
selfing will depend on its timing in anthesis. Selfing that occurs after opportunities for …

Bees, hoverflies and butterflies are taxa frequently studied as pollinators in agricultural and
conservation contexts. Although there are many records of non-syrphid Diptera visiting …

Summary The Andean mountains of South America are the most species‐rich biodiversity
hotspot worldwide with c. 15% of the world's plant species, in only 1% of the world's land …

Networks can describe the structure of a wide variety of complex systems by specifying
which pairs of entities in the system are connected. While such pairwise representations are …

Several studies have documented low levels of insect diversity, abundance and activity in
alpine ecosystems around the world,. It has been hypothesized that these factors may limit …

Pollination biology at the community level was investigated using quantitative techniques,
comparative methodology, measurements of the physical habitat, and consideration of floral …

The length of time a flower remains open and functional–floral longevity–governs important
reproductive processes influencing pollination and mating and varies considerably among …

Cushion plants are one of the most common growth forms in alpine habitats. Their low
stature, dense canopy, and compact form allow them to decouple their microclimate from the …

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the evolutionary and ecophysiological
responses of mountain plants to the growing season environment. The responses of …