Electrical stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve (aVNS) is an emerging technology in the
field of bioelectronic medicine with applications in therapy. Modulation of the afferent vagus …

Having three ossicles in the middle ear is one of the defining features of mammals. All
reptiles and birds have only one middle ear ossicle, the stapes or columella. How these two …

Placental mammals comprise three principal clades: Afrotheria (eg, elephants and tenrecs),
Xenarthra (eg, armadillos and sloths), and Boreoeutheria (all other placental mammals), the …

The earliest evolution of mammals and origins of mammalian features can be traced to the
mammaliaforms of the Triassic and Jurassic periods that are extinct relatives to living …

The phylogeny of Allotheria, including Multituberculata and Haramiyida, remains unsolved
and has generated contentious views on the origin and earliest evolution of mammals. Here …

The study of the Early Cretaceous terrestrial Jehol Biota, which provides a rare window for
reconstruction of a Lower Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem, is reviewed with a focus on …

Abstract The Jehol Biota is an Early Cretaceous terrestrial fossil assemblage of paramount
significance, and its core distribution areas are western Liaoning, northern Hebei, and …

Stem mammaliaforms are forerunners to modern mammals, and they achieved considerable
ecomorphological diversity in their own right. Recent discoveries suggest that …

Complex structures with significant biological function can arise multiple times in evolution
by common gene patterning and developmental pathways. The mammalian middle ear, with …

Molecular estimates of the divergence of placental and marsupial mammals and their
broader clades (Eutheria and Metatheria, respectively) fall primarily in the Jurassic period …