Summary 1 Top‐down control can be an important determinant of ecosystem structure and
function, but in oceanic ecosystems, where cascading effects of predator depletions …

Highlights•In some instances, insects can be large direct inputs of biomass to the detrital
pool.•Insects and other small invertebrates transform biomass and alter decomposition …

Human disturbance drives the decline of many species, both directly and indirectly.
Nonetheless, some species do particularly well around humans. One mechanism that may …

Background Human disturbance can influence wildlife behaviour, which can have
implications for wildlife populations. For example, wildlife may be more vigilant near human …

Apex predators have experienced catastrophic declines throughout the world as a result of
human persecution and habitat loss. These collapses in top predator populations are …

Chronic activation of the stress axis caused by long‐term uncontrollable and unpredictable
factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological …

Trophic cascades—the top-down regulation of ecosystems by predators—are an essential
aspect of ecosystem function and well-being. Trophic cascades are often drastically …

We present a framework for explaining variation in predator invasion success and predator
impacts on native prey that integrates information about predator–prey naïveté, predator and …

Populations of the world's largest carnivores are declining and now occupy mere fractions of
their historical ranges. Theory predicts that when apex predators disappear, large …

There is a large and growing interest in non‐consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators.
Diverse and extensive evidence shows that predation risk directly influences prey traits …