This article presents a review of the research into gas stirring in ladle metallurgy carried out
over the past few decades. Herein, the physical modeling experiments are divided into four …

With the increasing demand for energy conservation and emission reduction, more
attentions have been paid to the intelligentization, greenization and low carbonization …

Computerized thermodynamic databases for solid and liquid steel, slags and solid oxide
solutions, for large numbers of components, have been developed over the last three …

A computation fluid dynamics–simultaneous reaction model (CFD–SRM) coupled model has
been proposed to describe the desulfurization behavior in a gas-stirred ladle. For the …

Refractory materials used for the lining of metallurgical vessels are in direct contact with
moving molten steel during the entire refining process. The dynamic interaction between …

This study proposes a coupled computational fluid dynamics and thermodynamics model
based on the assumption of interface equilibrium at the steel–slag interface to simulate the …

Viscosities of slags constitute an important physical property needed for an understanding of
the mass transfer phenomena in metallurgical processes. Viscosity is also the key that leads …

There is a need for bubble-scale modeling of bubbly multiphase turbulent flow in gas-stirred
reactors, with a direct resolution of bubble formation, bubble shape, bubble deformation …

A transient three-dimensional (3D) coupled mathematical model has been established to
study the desulfurization behavior in electroslag remelting (ESR) process. The solutions of …

In this study, the Euler-Euler and Euler-Lagrange modeling approaches were applied to
simulate the multiphase flow in the water model and gas-stirred ladle systems. Detailed …