The skin is a barrier between the internal and external environment of an organism.
Depending on the species, it participates in multiple functions. The skin is the organ that …

Pterins are one of the major sources of bright coloration in animals. They are produced
endogenously, participate in vital physiological processes and serve a variety of signalling …

Human actions are altering ecosystems worldwide. Among human‐released pollutants,
ionizing radiation arises as a rare but potentially devastating threat to natural systems. The …

Aposematic bright colors have a key role for animal defense and can be expressed through
metabolic production or by acquiring pigments from diet. Aposematic coloration can be …

Amphibians represent a diverse group of tetrapods, marked by deep divergence times
between their three systematic orders and families. Studying amphibian biology through the …

Birds display a rainbow of eye colours, but this trait has been little studied compared with
plumage coloration. Avian eye colour variation occurs at all phylogenetic scales: it can be …

The accumulation of red ketocarotenoids is an important component of coloration in many
organisms, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In some organisms …

Convergent evolution is defined as the independent evolution of similar phenotypes in
different lineages. Its existence underscores the importance of external selection pressures …

Background Animal coloration is usually an adaptive attribute, under strong local selection
pressures and often diversified among species or populations. The strawberry poison frog …

Species distributed across climatic gradients will typically experience spatial variation in
selection, but gene flow can prevent such selection from causing population genetic …