Recent advancements in computational approaches and neuroimaging techniques have
refined our understanding of the precuneus. While previously believed to be largely a visual …

Apathy is a debilitating syndrome associated with many neurological disorders, including
several common neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's …

The amount of mental effort we invest in a task is influenced by the reward we can expect if
we perform that task well. However, some of the rewards that have the greatest potential for …

The processing of rewards and losses are crucial to everyday functioning. Considerable
interest has been attached to investigating the anticipation and outcome phases of reward …

Research on cognitive control and executive function has long recognized the relevance of
motivational factors. Recently, however, the topic has come increasingly to center stage, with …

Cognitive effort has been implicated in numerous theories regarding normal and aberrant
behavior and the physiological response to engagement with demanding tasks. Yet, despite …

In everyday life, we have to decide whether it is worth exerting effort to obtain rewards. Effort
can be experienced in different domains, with some tasks requiring significant cognitive …

Cognitive control is subjectively costly, suggesting that engagement is modulated in
relationship to incentive state. Dopamine appears to play key roles. In particular, dopamine …

Fatigue–a feeling of exhaustion arising from exertion–is a significant barrier to successful
behaviour and one of the most prominent symptoms in primary care. During extended …

Over the past 20 years there has been an increasing number of brain imaging studies on the
mechanisms underlying reward motivation in humans. This narrative review describes …