Evolvability is the ability of a biological system to produce phenotypic variation that is both
heritable and adaptive. It has long been the subject of anecdotal observations and …

Evolution is the hallmark of life. Descriptions of the evolution of microorganisms have
provided a wealth of information, but knowledge regarding “what happened” has precluded …

Neural networks have proven effective at solving difficult problems but designing their
architectures can be challenging, even for image classification problems alone. Our goal is …

Literature Cited to accompany Animal Communication, 2e Page 1 Principles of Animal
Communication, Second Edition Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp Chapter 14 …

Genotype–phenotype relationships are notoriously complicated. Idiosyncratic interactions
between specific combinations of mutations occur and are difficult to predict. Yet it is …

Alkaloids, represent a group of interesting and complex chemical compounds, produced by
the secondary metabolism of living organisms in different biotopes. They are relatively …

Epistasis for fitness means that the selective effect of a mutation is conditional on the genetic
background in which it appears. Although epistasis is widely observed in nature, our …

Proteins are finicky molecules; they are barely stable and are prone to aggregate, but they
must function in a crowded environment that is full of degradative enzymes bent on their …

The ability to evolve is a fundamental feature of biological systems, but the mechanisms
underlying this capacity and the evolutionary dynamics of conserved core processes remain …

Whether evolution is erratic due to random historical details, or is repeatedly directed along
similar paths by certain constraints, remains unclear. Epistasis (ie non-additive interaction …