Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main causes of vision loss in the working age
population. It is characterized by a progressive deterioration of the retinal microvasculature …

Gap junctions are recognized in the electron microscope as dense starchy areas of opposed
membrane between two cells. Small tracer molecules such as Neurobiotin pass through the …

Objective. Retinal prostheses use electric current to activate inner retinal neurons, providing
artificial vision for blind people. Epiretinal stimulation primarily targets retinal ganglion cells …

Objective. Visual outcomes provided by present retinal prostheses that primarily target
retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) through epiretinal stimulation remain rudimentary, partly due to …

Conventional retinal implants involve complex surgical procedures and require invasive
implantation. Temporal Interference Stimulation (TIS) has achieved noninvasive and …

Vision altering diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular
degeneration, myopia, retinal vascular disease, traumatic brain injuries and others cripple …

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) summate inputs and forward a spike train code to the brain in
the form of either maintained spiking (sustained) or a quickly decaying brief spike burst …

High-fidelity electronic implants can in principle restore the function of neural circuits by
precisely activating neurons via extracellular stimulation. However, direct characterization of …

Objective. Neural interfaces are designed to evoke specific patterns of electrical activity in
populations of neurons by stimulating with many electrodes. However, currents passed …

Electronic visual prostheses stimulate neurons in the visual pathway to create light
perception for blind patients. Electrically induced spots of light are called phosphenes, and …