We are now near the top of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, at the point before the
mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilizes to release proteins such as cytochrome c into …

MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

Regulated cell death is a vital and dynamic process in multicellular organisms that maintains
tissue homeostasis and eliminates potentially dangerous cells. Apoptosis, one of the better …

Background The dietary consumption of cuprizone–a copper chelator–has long been known
to induce demyelination of specific brain structures and is widely used as model of multiple …

The complexity, diversity, and heterogeneity of tumors seriously undermine the therapeutic
potential of treatment. Therefore, the current trend in clinical research has gradually shifted …

INTRODUCTION There has been an explosion of interest in the role of cell death pathways
and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling in shaping inflammatory and …

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are single-stranded closed-loop RNA molecules lacking
terminal 5′ caps and 3′ poly (A) tails, are attracting increasing scientific attention for their …

The'hallmarks of cancer'are generally accepted as a set of genetic and epigenetic
alterations that a normal cell must accrue to transform into a fully malignant cancer. It follows …

The BCL-2 protein family determines the commitment of cells to apoptosis, an ancient cell
suicide programme that is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and immunity. Too …

Death is the inevitable fate of all living organisms, whether at the individual or cellular level.
For a long time, cell death was believed to be an undesirable but unavoidable final outcome …