The two most urgent and interlinked environmental challenges humanity faces are climate
change and biodiversity loss. We are entering a pivotal decade for both the international …

The “biological pump” is the process by which photosynthetically-produced organic matter in
the ocean descends from the surface layer to depth by a combination of sinking particles …

Phytoplankton, the ecological group of microalgae adapted to live in apparent suspension in
water masses, is much more than an ecosystem's engineer. In this opinion paper, we use …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

As interest in natural climate mitigation solutions continues to grow, there is an essential role
for coastal and ocean ecosystems (“blue carbon”) to play. To meet mitigation targets …

In the songs and bubble feeding of humpback whales; in young killer whales learning to
knock a seal from an ice floe in the same way their mother does; and in the use of sea …

Contrary to most terrestrial organisms, which release their carbon into the atmosphere after
death, carcasses of large marine fish sink and sequester carbon in the deep ocean. Yet …

Baleen and sperm whales, known collectively as the great whales, include the largest
animals in the history of life on Earth. With high metabolic demands and large populations …

Until recently, large apex consumers were ubiquitous across the globe and had been for
millions of years. The loss of these animals may be humankind's most pervasive influence …

The deep sea, the largest ecosystem on Earth and one of the least studied, harbours high
biodiversity and provides a wealth of resources. Although humans have used the oceans for …