Plants interact with many visitors who consume a variety of plant tissues. While the
consequences of herbivory to leaves and shoots are well known, the implications of florivory …

Plant behaviours are defined as rapid morphological or physiological responses to events,
relative to the lifetime of an individual. Since Darwin, biologists have been aware that plants …

1. There are myriad ways in which pollinators and herbivores can interact via the
evolutionary and behavioural responses of their host plants. 2. Given that both herbivores …

Flower‐feeding insects may reduce the reproductive success of their host plant in subtle
ways that go beyond a direct reduction in gametes. Pollinators may respond to floral …

1 The presence, concentration and composition of plant secondary compounds, which
confer plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens, vary greatly both within and among …

Interactions between butterflies and caterpillars in the genus Pieris and plants in the family
Brassicaceae are among the best explored in the field of insect–plant biology. However, we …

Evolutionary biologists have repeatedly argued that environmental factors have influenced
the evolution of dioecy (males and females) from hermaphroditism in plants. While many …

Flower‐feeding herbivores can directly reduce plant reproduction by consuming gametes.
They may have additional indirect effects if their damage disrupts pollinator service and …

Coevolution is among the most important evolutionary processes that generate biological
diversity. Plant–pollinator interactions play a prominent role in the evolution of reproductive …

Indirect plant defense is an important component in regulating population dynamics and the
structure of numerous communities in different ecosystems. These defenses mainly involve …