Severe challenges such as depletion of natural resources, natural catastrophes, extreme
weather conditions, or overpopulation require intelligent solutions especially in architecture …

Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) is a new type of flexible electroactive polymer, which
has the advantages of fast response, large driving displacement, small elastic modulus and …

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) consist of an electroactive polymeric membrane
plated with metal electrodes. They hold promise as actuators and sensors for soft robotics …

We formulate a thermodynamically-consistent electro-chemo-mechanical gradient theory
which couples electrochemical reactions with mechanical deformation and damage in …

Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMC) are smart material transducers that bend in
response to low-voltage stimuli and generate voltage in response to bending. IPMCs are …

Smart polymeric and gel actuators change shape or size in response to stimuli like
electricity, heat, or light. These smart polymeric-and gel-based actuators are compliant and …

A biomimetic underwater robot was designed utilizing ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC)
artificial muscles. The actuators were controlled by thermal and electrical inputs, taking …

Here, inspired by mechanoreceptors in the human body, a self‐sensing ionic soft actuator is
developed that precisely senses the bending motions during actuating utilizing a 3D …

Soft ionic materials combine charged mobile species and tailored polymer structures in a
manner that enables a wide array of functional devices. Traditional metal and silicon …

Hydrogel ionotronic devices show substantial potential for use in soft robotics as well as in
wearable and implantable actuators and sensors, especially when low weight, high flexibility …