Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that perform diverse
functions in health and disease. Astrocyte dysfunction is found in numerous diseases …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most studied neurotrophins in the
healthy and diseased brain. As a result, there is a large body of evidence that associates …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes brain damage, which involves primary and secondary
injury mechanisms. Primary injury causes local brain damage, while secondary damage …

Electrophiles and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in modulating cellular
defense mechanisms as well as physiological functions, and intracellular signaling …

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by
the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates …

Astrocytes are crucial regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses in the injured
central nervous system. Depending on timing and context, astrocyte activity may exacerbate …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine. It is central to host
defense and inflammatory responses but under certain circumstances also triggers cell …

Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease and one of the leading causes of mortality
worldwide. Overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) following …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important global health concern that represents a leading
cause of death and disability. It occurs due to direct impact or hit on the head caused by …

Iron is essential for life. Many enzymes require iron for appropriate function. However,
dysregulation of intracellular iron homeostasis produces excessive reactive oxygen species …