Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Proline is a multifunctional amino acid that is accumulated in high concentrations in plants
under various stress conditions. Proline accumulation is intimately connected to many …

Oxidative stress is common in plants growing under extreme environments, such as water
shortage, salinity, heavy metals, and temperature extremes. To overcome oxidative stress …

Major abiotic stress factors such as salt and drought adversely affect important physiological
processes and biochemical mechanisms and cause severe loss in crop productivity …

Abstract Background and Aims Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic solutes, a
broad group that encompasses a variety of compounds such as amino acids, tertiary …

Significance: The imino acid proline is utilized by different organisms to offset cellular
imbalances caused by environmental stress. The wide use in nature of proline as a stress …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated as a consequence of plant
metabolic processes due to incomplete reduction of O 2. Previously considered to be only …

Proline accumulation and metabolism are associated with mechanisms of abiotic stress
avoidance in plants. Proline accumulation generally improves osmotic stress tolerance …

Proline accumulates in many plant species in response to environmental stress. Although
much is now known about proline metabolism, some aspects of its biological functions are …

Proline (Pro) accumulation is a common physiological response in many plants in response
to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Controversy has surrounded the possible role …