Several field data and experiments on a terrestrial vertebrates exhibited that the fear of
predators would cause a substantial variability of prey demography. Fear for predator …

In theoretical ecology, predator–prey interaction is a natural phenomenon that significantly
contributes for shaping the community structure and maintaining the ecological diversity. In …

A delayed fractional-order prey–predator system with fear (felt by prey) effect of predator on
prey population incorporating prey refuge has been proposed. We consider a three species …

Recent studies demonstrate that the density of prey population is not only affected by direct
killing by the predator, but the fear in prey caused by predator also reduces it by cutting …

In this paper a three-species food chain model is formulated to investigate the impact of fear.
First, we derive the predator's functional response by using the classical Holling's time …

A field observation on a terrestrial vertebrate has shown that the fear of predators can affect
the behavior of prey populations and it can greatly reduce their reproduction. On the other …

In the predator-prey system, predators can affect the prey population (1) by direct killing and
(2) by inducing predation fear, which ultimately force preys to adopt some anti-predator …

Considering that predator-induced fear effects affect the reproductive ability of the prey, as
well as predator-predator interference during predation, a predator-prey model with …

In the present work, we investigate on the dynamics of predator–prey model with prey refuge
in proportion to both species and the effect of additional food provided to the predator. A …

Refuge for prey and additional food for predator together with environmental fluctuation is a
very interesting topic for dynamical system. In this work we have studied a prey–predator …