The 'microbiota-gut-brain axis' plays a fundamental role in maintaining host homeostasis,
and different immune, hormonal, and neuronal signals participate to this interkingdom …

Over the last two decades, evidence for the involvement of quinolinic acid (QUIN) in
neuroinflammatory diseases has been exponentially increasing. Within the brain, QUIN is …

Brain tissue has a remarkable ability to accumulate glutamate. This ability is due to
glutamate transporter proteins present in the plasma membranes of both glial cells and …

Quinolinic acid (QUIN), a neuroactive metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, is normally
presented in nanomolar concentrations in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is …

A proportion of cases with mood disorders have elevated inflammatory markers in the blood
that conceivably may result from stress, infection and/or autoimmunity. However, it is not yet …

Approximately 1.7 million people in the United States annually experience a traumatic brain
injury (TBI). 1 The number of unreported head injuries is much higher. Sports-related head …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated, chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and
neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Immune cell infiltration can …

Quinolinic acid (QA) is an endogenous neurotoxin involved in various neurological
diseases, whose action seems to be exerted via glutamatergic receptors. However, the exact …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major metabolic pathway of the essential amino acid
tryptophan (TRP). Stimulation by inflammatory molecules, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), is the …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major route for tryptophan (TRP) metabolism in most
mammalian tissues. The KP metabolizes TRP into a number of neuroactive metabolites …