The neuromodulator dopamine (DA) is essential for regulating learning, motivation, and
movement. Despite its importance, however, the mechanisms by which DA influences the …

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors have revolutionized the study of cell signaling
and metabolism, as they allow for live-cell measurements with high spatiotemporal …

The canonical model of striatal function predicts that animal locomotion is associated with
the opposing regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) in direct and indirect pathway striatal …

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling integrates information from diverse G-
protein-coupled receptors, such as neuromodulator receptors, to regulate pivotal biological …

The most successful genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) employ an intensity or
ratiometric readout. Despite a large calcium-dependent change in fluorescence intensity, the …

It is commonly accepted that the role of astrocytes exceeds far beyond neuronal scaffold and
energy supply. Their unique morphological and functional features have recently brough …

Neural circuits and the cells that comprise them represent the functional units of the brain.
Circuits relay and process sensory information, maintain homeostasis, drive behaviors, and …

Abstract cAMP is a universal second messenger regulated by various upstream pathways
including Ca2+ and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To decipher in vivo cAMP …

Abstract Serotonin (5‐HT), a neurotransmitter, is essential for normal and pathological
pigmentation processing, and its receptors may be therapeutical targets. The effect and …

Primary cilia are slender cell-surface organelles that project into the intercellular space. In
pancreatic beta cells, primary cilia coordinate a variety of cell responses including GPCR …