The invasion of alien species into areas beyond their native ranges is having profound
effects on ecosystems around the world. In particular, novel alien predators are causing …

Studies of phenotypic plasticity frequently ask how organisms respond to a change in their
environment, but most organisms do not experience single environmental changes …

Predators can affect prey populations through changes in traits that reduce predation risk.
These trait changes (nonconsumptive effects, NCEs) can be energetically costly and cause …

The theory of predation risk effects predicts behavioral responses in prey when risk of
predation is not homogenous in space and time. Prey species are often faced with a tradeoff …

Current theory on trophic interactions in food webs assumes that ecologically similar species
can be treated collectively as a single functional unit such as a guild or trophic level. This …

The influence of predation on rocky intertidal community structure has long emphasized the
importance of indirect interactions. Most efforts in this area have focused on the density …

Animals adjust their behaviour in response to complex environmental conditions. This form
of plasticity requires the formation of association between information and an appropriate …

We summarized studies on the impacts and scale effects of negative (competition, predation,
parasitism, herbivory) and positive (mutualism, commensalism, indirect facilitation) species …

Classical views of trophic cascades emphasize the primacy of consumptive predator effects
on prey populations to the transmission of indirect effects [density‐mediated indirect …

Coastal habitats, such as seagrasses, mangroves, rocky and coral reefs, salt marshes, and
kelp forests, sustain many key fish and invertebrate populations around the globe. Our …