Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

The symptoms of Alzheimer disease reflect a loss of neural circuit integrity in the brain, but
neurons do not work in isolation. Emerging evidence suggests that the intricate balance of …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses
worldwide which impairs the social functioning of the afflicted patients. Astrocytes promote …

Astrocytes express a variety of G protein–coupled receptors and might influence cognitive
functions, such as learning and memory. However, the roles of astrocytic Gs-coupled …

Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that originate from
myeloid progenitor cells in the embryonic yolk sac and are maintained independently of …

Recent studies combining pharmacological, behavioral, electrophysiological and molecular
approaches indicate that depression results from maladaptive neuroplastic processes …

Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time.
After ischemia a primary damage due to the early massive increase of extracellular …

In the mammalian brain, a family of sodium-dependent transporters maintains low
extracellular glutamate and shapes excitatory signaling. The bulk of this activity is mediated …

Consumption of caffeine, a non-selective adenosine A 2A receptor (A 2A R) antagonist,
reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans and mitigates both …