The quantum Hall effect (QHE), and devices reliant on it, will continue to serve as the
foundation of the ohm while also expanding its territory into other SI derived units. The …

This paper reviews the recent evolution of the measurement techniques in the area of
impedance measurement from the Wheatstone bridge to the most advanced Josephson …

Electrical Impedance: Principles, Measurement, and Applications provides a modern and
much-needed overview of electrical impedance measurement science and its application in …

The electronic circulator and its close relative the gyrator are invaluable tools for noise
management and signal routing in the current generation of low-temperature microwave …

Replacing GaAs by graphene to realize more practical quantum Hall resistance standards
(QHRS), accurate to within 10− 9 in relative value, but operating at lower magnetic fields …

One major change of the future revision of the International System of Units is a new
definition of the ampere based on the elementary charge e. Replacing the former definition …

Since the quantum Hall resistance (QHR) measured with alternating current (ac) has
reached the state of an excellent quantum standard of impedance, we have realized a …

Abstract At the Czech Metrology Institute (CMI) we have developed a precision modular
sinewave generator for impedance ratio bridges. The generator was developed to improve …

By fixing two fundamental constants from quantum mechanics, the Planck constant h and the
elementary charge e, the revised “Système international”(SI) of units endorses explicitly …

This paper describes the principle of a new fully automated digitally assisted coaxial bridge
having a large bandwidth ranging from 60 Hz to 50 kHz. The performance of the bridge is …