ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) has a multiplicity of physiological roles that
revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system …

During severe inflammatory and infectious diseases, various mediators modulate the
equilibrium of vascular tone, inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis. This Review …

The novel SARS coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic may be particularly deleterious to
patients with underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD). The mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 originated from Wuhan,
China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread to other areas worldwide. Since then …

Cardiac fibrosis is the excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), such as collagen.
Myofibroblasts are major players in the production of collagen, and are differentiated …

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2 is the cell surface binding site for the coronavirus SARS‐
CoV‐2, which causes COVID‐19. We propose that an imbalance in the action of ACE1‐and …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a critical regulator of blood volume,
electrolyte balance, and systemic vascular resistance. While the baroreceptor reflex …

Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) is a serious complication of sepsis with high mortality
but no effective treatment. The renin angiotensin (Ang) aldosterone system (RAAS) is …

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is related to ACE but turned out to counteract
several pathophysiological actions of ACE. ACE2 exerts antihypertensive and …

Abstract COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a respiratory disease associated with
inflammation and endotheliitis. Mechanisms underling inflammatory processes are unclear …