Phosphoinositides are signalling lipids derived from phosphatidylinositol, a ubiquitous
phospholipid in the cytoplasmic leaflet of eukaryotic membranes. Initially discovered for their …

Mechanical signalling affects multiple biological processes during development and in adult
organisms, including cell fate transitions, cell migration, morphogenesis and immune …

Endocytosis is a complex process whereby cell surface proteins, lipids and fluid from the
extracellular environment are packaged, sorted and internalized into cells. Endocytosis is …

LC3-associated endocytosis (LANDO) is a noncanonical function of the autophagy
machinery, in which LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain) is conjugated to rab5 …

Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles comprising a core of neutral lipids (glycerides,
sterols) encased within a single phospholipid membrane, responsible for storing surplus …

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been recognized as a critical regulator in
various physiological and pathological processes. Extensive research has elucidated the …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine that orchestrates bidirectional immune
responses via regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector cells, leading to paradoxical …

Intestinal wound healing is a long-standing problem, with conventional suturing-based
intestinal closure surgeries typically leading to postoperative problems. Alternative …

Cellular trafficking is essential to maintain critical biological functions. Mutations in 346
genes, most of them described in the last 5 years, are associated with disorders of cellular …

Cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) has emerged as one of the most widely utilized tools in
membrane biology and biophysics. CTxB is a homopentameric stable protein that binds …