Antibiotic heteroresistance is a phenotype in which a bacterial isolate contains
subpopulations of cells that show a substantial reduction in antibiotic susceptibility …

A subject of extensive study in evolutionary theory has been the issue of how neutral,
redundant copies can be maintained in the genome for long periods of time. Concurrently …

When choosing antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, it is assumed that the susceptibility of
the target bacteria to an antibiotic is reflected by laboratory estimates of the minimum …

Evolutionary novelties have been important in the history of life, but their origins are usually
difficult to examine in detail. We previously described the evolution of a novel trait, aerobic …

The ability to predict the evolutionary trajectories of antibiotic resistance would be of great
value in tailoring dosing regimens of antibiotics so as to maximize the duration of their …

Abstract Changes in gene copy number are among the most frequent mutational events in
all genomes and were among the mutations for which a physical basis was first known. Yet …

Examples of extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are found in many organisms, but
their impact on genetic variation at the genome scale has not been investigated. We …

Antibiotic resistance can be acquired by mutation or horizontal transfer of a resistance gene,
and generally an acquired mechanism results in a predictable increase in phenotypic …

Gene duplications allow evolution of genes with new functions. Here, we describe the
innovation-amplification-divergence (IAD) model in which the new function appears before …

The essential functions of a bacterial pathogen reflect the most basic processes required for
its viability and growth, and represent potential therapeutic targets. Most screens for …