Over 60% of surgery is now performed in an ambulatory setting. Despite improved
analgesics and sophisticated drug delivery systems, surveys indicate that over 80% of …

Since 1975, Robert Julien's A Primer of Drug Action has been the definitive guide to the
effects of psychoactive drugs on the brain and on behavior. Now fully updated, this popular …

Covering: Up to 2020 Ion channels are a vast super-family of membrane proteins that play
critical physiological roles in excitable and non-excitable cells. Their biomedical importance …

Modern-day local anesthesia began in 1884 with a discovery by a young unknown
ophthalmologist from Vienna named Carl Koller, who placed a cocaine solution on the …

Abstract William Stewart Halsted is considered to be one of the most influential and
innovative surgeons the USA has ever produced. His contributions to surgery are abundant …

Background Ultrasound guidance is now a standard nerve localization technique for
peripheral nerve block (PNB). Ultrasonography allows simultaneous visualization of the …

Cocaine: What is the Crack? Redman M for anesthesia because the most important
developments in the anesthetic use of cocaine occurred in 1880s. Nowadays, such a delay …

The chemistry behind the discovery of local anesthetics is a beautiful way of understanding
the development and improvement of medicinal/organic chemistry protocols towards the …

Many surgical and dental procedures depend on use of local anesthetics to reversibly
eliminate pain. By the blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels, local anesthetics prevent …

The first description of the use of cocaine by humans can be found in the memoirs of the
Florentine traveller Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512). For the next 300 years mostly the …