In this short tutorial we first briefly review the basic physics of the E-region of the equatorial
ionosphere, with emphasis on the strong electrojet current system that drives plasma …

Ionospheric conductance plays an important role in regulating the response of the
magnetosphere‐ionosphere system to solar wind driving. Typically, models of …

Electric fields map from the magnetosphere to the E region ionosphere where they drive the
intense currents of the auroral electrojet. Particularly during geomagnetic storms and …

High‐latitude Joule heating is an important energy source for thermospheric dynamics and
composition. It is influenced by winds, plasma turbulence, variable electric fields, and …

In data mining, density-based clustering, which entails classifying datapoints according to
their distributions in some space, is an essential method to extract information from large …

In the auroral E‐region strong electric fields can create an environment characterized by fast
plasma drifts. These fields lead to strong Hall currents which trigger small‐scale plasma …

Global magnetospheric MHD codes using ionospheric conductances based on laminar
models systematically overestimate the cross–polar cap potential during storm time by up to …

For spectra associated with full turbulence the observed mean phase velocity of unstable
Farley‐Buneman waves has been found not to exceed the ion‐acoustic speed, cs. This has …

VHF radars near the geomagnetic equator receive coherent reflections from plasma density
irregularities between 130 and 160 km in altitude during the daytime. Though researchers …

Millions of small but detectable meteors hit the Earth's atmosphere every second, creating
trails of hot plasma that turbulently diffuse into the background atmosphere. For over 60 …