The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

Fibrosis is a process characterized by an excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix
as a response to different types of tissue injuries, which leads to organ dysfunction. The …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the primary factor that drives fibrosis in most, if not
all, forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inhibition of the TGF-β isoform, TGF-β1, or its …

Renal fibrosis is the final pathological process common to any ongoing, chronic kidney
injury or maladaptive repair. It is considered as the underlying pathological process of …

Fibrosis — A Common Pathway to Organ Injury and Failure | New England Journal of Medicine
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Liver disease is a major global health-care problem, affecting an estimated 844 million
people worldwide. Despite this substantial burden, therapeutic options for liver disease …

During recovery by regeneration after AKI, proximal tubule cells can fail to redifferentiate,
undergo premature growth arrest, and become atrophic. The atrophic tubules display …

The binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike
glycoprotein to its cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), causes its …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) jointly promote tumor
immune tolerance and tumorigenesis. The molecular apparatus that drives Treg cell and …

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical member of a family of
membrane-associated intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors, the ErbB family. EGFR is activated …