Opioid drugs are important tools to alleviate pain of different origins, but they have strong
addictive potential and their abuse at higher doses often results in serious health …

Opioid use disorder (OUD) has gained increasing publicity and interest during recent years,
with many countries describing problems of epidemic proportions with regard to opioid use …

Rationale Xylazine has emerged in recent years as an adulterant in an increasing number of
opioid-positive overdose deaths in the United States. Although its exact role in opioid …

Background and Purpose Studies using intermittent‐access drug self‐administration show
increased motivation to take and seek cocaine and fentanyl, relative to continuous access. In …

Opioids induce respiratory depression resulting in coma or even death during overdose.
Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is the gold standard reversal agent for opioid intoxication …

Opioids are important tools for pain management, but abuse can result in serious health
complications. Of these complications, respiratory depression that leads to brain hypoxia is …

The number of drug overdoses and deaths has increased significantly over the past decade
and co-use of opioids and stimulants is associated with greater likelihood of overdose and …

While opioid abuse is an established medical and public health issue, the increased
availability of highly potent synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, has given rise to acute health …

Incidence of opioid‐related overdoses in the United States has increased dramatically over
the past two decades. Despite public emphasis on overdose fatalities, most overdose cases …

Benzodiazepines are important therapeutic drugs, but they are often abused and co-abused
with opioids. Clinical evidence suggests that benzodiazepines can inhibit respiration, and …