In mammals, hundreds of proteins use iron in a multitude of cellular functions, including vital
processes such as mitochondrial respiration, gene regulation and DNA synthesis or repair …

An abundant metal in the human body, iron is essential for key biological pathways
including oxygen transport, DNA metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Most iron is bound …

Ferritin turnover plays a major role in tissue iron homeostasis, and ferritin malfunction is
associated with impaired iron homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases. In most …

Protoporphyrin IX iron complex (heme) is an important cofactor for oxygen transfer, oxygen
storage, oxygen activation, and electron transfer when bound to the heme proteins …

Mitochondria are an iconic distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria
encompass an active organellar network that fuses, divides, and directs a myriad of vital …

Heme is an essential cofactor and signaling molecule required for virtually all aerobic life.
However, excess heme is cytotoxic. Therefore, heme must be safely transported and …

Heme, as a hydrophobic iron-containing organic ring, is lipid soluble and can interact with
biological membranes. The very same properties of heme that nature exploits to support life …

In recent years, the heme catabolic pathway is considered to play an important regulatory
role in cell protection, apoptosis, inflammation, and other physiological and pathological …

Heme is essential for the survival of virtually all living systems─ from bacteria, fungi, and
yeast, through plants to animals. No eukaryote has been identified that can survive without …

Mitochondria are essential organelles of mammalian cells, often emphasized for their
function in energy production, iron metabolism and apoptosis as well as heme synthesis …