Since the early 1990s, ecologists and evolutionary biologists have aggregated primary
research using meta‐analytic methods to understand ecological and evolutionary …

The study of individual behavioral variation, sometimes called animal personalities or
behavioral types, is now a well-established area of research in behavioral ecology and …

Research focusing on among‐individual differences in behaviour ('animal personality') has
been blooming for over a decade. Central theories explaining the maintenance of such …

This introduction to the topical collection on Pace-of-life syndromes: a framework for the
adaptive integration of behaviour, physiology, and life history provides an overview of …

In the past decade, several conceptual papers have linked variation in animal personality to
variation in cognition, and recent years have seen a flood of empirical studies testing this …

Central theories explaining the maintenance of individual differences in behavior build on
the assumption that behavior mediates life-history trade-offs between current and future …

Energy metabolism has received much attention as a potential driver of repeatable among‐
individual differences in behaviour (animal personality). Several factors have been …

Environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is global, substantially altering crucial
behaviours in animals and impacting on their reproduction and survival. A key question is …

Animal behaviour can lead to varying levels of risk, and an individual's physical condition
can alter the potential costs and benefits of undertaking risky behaviours. How risk‐taking …

Personality is often defined as the behaviour of individual animals that is consistent across
contexts and over time. Personality traits may become unstable during stages of ontogeny …