The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a
significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized …

Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy has become a promising therapeutic
strategy with encouraging therapeutic outcomes due to their durable anti-tumor effects …

Radiotherapy (RT) uses ionizing radiation to eradicate localized tumors and, in rare cases,
control tumors outside of the irradiated fields via stimulating an antitumor immune response …

The antitumor efficiency and clinical translation of traditional nanomedicines is mainly
restricted by low drug loading, complex preparation technology, and potential toxicity …

Radiotherapy (RT), besides cancer cells, also affects the tumor microenvironment (TME):
tumor blood vessels and cells of the immune system. It damages endothelial cells and …

In recent years, conventional treatments including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy
have been the main approaches in tumour therapy. Cancer immunotherapy is a new …

The recent years have witnessed the blooming of cancer immunotherapy, as well as their
combinational use together with other existing cancer treatment techniques including …

Immunotherapy has moved to the center stage of cancer treatment with the recent success of
trials in solid tumors with PD-1/PD-L1 axis blockade. Programmed death-1 or PD-1 is a …

Resistance to cancer therapy remains a major challenge in clinical oncology. Although the
initial treatment phase is often successful, eventual resistance, characterized by tumour …

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising new approach for cancer treatment. However,
clinically available drugs have been limited until recently, and the antitumor efficacy of most …