C and N are the most important essential elements constituting organic compounds in
plants. The shoots and roots depend on each other by exchanging C and N through the …

Most proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized as
precursors with N-terminal targeting signals called transit peptides. Novel machinery has …

Plant organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own genomes, which
encode many genes essential for respiration and photosynthesis, respectively. Gene editing …

Most of the mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins are nuclear encoded and synthesized in
the cytosol as precursor proteins with N-terminal extensions called targeting peptides …

Plastid-targeted proteins pass through the cytosol as unfolded precursors. If proteins
accumulate in the cytosol, they can form nonspecific aggregates that cause severe cellular …

Background Camelina sativa is an oilseed crop with great potential for biofuel production on
marginal land. The seed oil from camelina has been converted to jet fuel and improved fuel …

The well-characterized secretory glycoprotein, rice (Oryza sativa) α-amylase isoform I-1
(AmyI-1), was localized within the plastids and proved to be involved in the degradation of …

Mitochondrial protein import is a complex multistep process from synthesis of proteins in the
cytosol, recognition by receptors on the organelle surface, to translocation across one or …

Correct chloroplast development and function require co‐ordinated expression of
chloroplast and nuclear genes. This is achieved through chloroplast signals that modulate …

Catechins and theaflavins are important metabolites contributing to tea function and quality.
Catechins are known to transform into theaflavins during the tea manufacturing process, but …