Phthalates are a huge class of chemicals with a wide spectrum of industrial uses, from the
manufacture of plastics to food contact applications, children's toys, and medical devices …

Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a prevalent condition that confers substantial morbidity
and mortality and remains underdiagnosed as well as undertreated in the overall …

The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more
robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune …

Neuroinflammation is a physiological protective response in the context of infection and
injury. However, neuroinflammation, especially if chronic, may also drive …

Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous
system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are …

Within the human female reproductive tract (FRT), the challenge of protection against
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is coupled with the need to enable successful …

Hormones regulate homeostasis by communicating through the bloodstream to the body's
organs, including the brain. As homeostatic regulators of brain function, some hormones …

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the principal cause of mortality
by malignancy in women and represents a main problem for public health worldwide. Tumor …

There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens.
On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in …