Retroviruses have long been a fertile model for discovering host–pathogen interactions and
their associated biological principles and processes. These advances have not only …

Mammalian cells express a variety of innate immune proteins—known as restriction factors—
which defend against invading retroviruses such as HIV-1. Two members of the tripartite …

The maturation of HIV-1 viral particles is essential for viral infectivity. During maturation,
many copies of the capsid protein (CA) self-assemble into a capsid shell to enclose the viral …

TRIM5 is a RING domain E3 ubiquitin ligase with potent antiretroviral function. TRIM5
assembles into a hexagonal lattice on retroviral capsids, causing envelopment of the …

ABSTRACT TRIM5α is a tripartite motif (TRIM) protein that consists of RING, B-box 2, coiled-
coil, and B30. 2 (SPRY) domains. The TRIM5αrh protein from rhesus monkeys recognizes …

TRIM5α provides a cytoplasmic block to retroviral infection, and orthologs encoded by some
primates are active against HIV. Here, we present an evolutionary comparison of the TRIM5 …

In order to eliminate viral infections, hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are
induced via type I interferons (IFNs). However, the functions and mechanisms of most ISGs …

Restriction factors and pattern recognition receptors are important components of intrinsic
cellular defenses against viral infection. Mammalian TRIM5α proteins are restriction factors …

The retroviral restriction factor, TRIM5α, blocks infection of a spectrum of retroviruses soon
after virus entry into the cell. TRIM5α consists of RING, B-box 2, coiled-coil, and B30. 2 …

The host protein TRIM5α inhibits retroviral infection at an early post-penetration stage by
targeting the incoming viral capsid. While the detailed mechanism of restriction remains …