Networks of molecular regulators are often the primary objects of focus in the study of gene
regulation, with the machinery of protein synthesis tacitly relegated to the background …

The cytoplasm of bacterial cells is a highly crowded cellular compartment that possesses
considerable osmotic potential. As a result, and owing to the semipermeable nature of the …

During growth, cells must expand their cell volumes in coordination with biomass to control
the level of cytoplasmic macromolecular crowding. Dry-mass density, the average ratio of …

Many cellular activities in bacteria are organized according to their growth rate. The notion
that ppGpp measures the cell's growth rate is well accepted in the field of bacterial …

Ribosome and protein synthesis lie at the core of cell growth and are major consumers of
the cellular budget. Here we review recent progress in the coupling of ribosome synthesis …

Understanding how bacteria coordinate gene expression with biomass growth to adapt to
various stress conditions remains a grand challenge in biology. Stress response is often …

Bacterial cells are regularly confronted with simultaneous changes in environmental nutrient
supply and osmolarity. Despite the importance of osmolarity and osmoregulation in bacterial …

All living cells are crowded with macromolecules. Crowding can directly modulate
biochemical reactions to various degrees depending on the sizes, shapes, and binding …

Living organisms such as bacteria are often exposed to continuous changes in the nutrient
availability in nature. Therefore, bacteria must constantly monitor the environmental …

Bacteria must rapidly respond to both intracellular and environmental changes to survive.
One critical mechanism to rapidly detect and adapt to changes in environmental conditions …